2024

1. Gungordu, S., & Aptullahoglu, E. 2024. Targeting MDM2-mediated suppression of p53 with idasanutlin: a promising therapeutic approach for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Investigational New Drugs, 1-9.

2023

1. Osmaniye D., Kayış U., Gül Ü. D., Özkay Y., Kaplancıklı Z. A. 2023. Synthesis, biological activity evaluation and molecular docking studies of novel thiazole derivatives. European Journal of Life Sciences, 1-24.
2. Şimşek V., Yarbay Z. R., Marttin, V., U., Gül Ü. D. 2023. Treatment of textile dye via economic fungi/MCM-41 bio-based adsorbent: Application of neural network approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 1-13.
3. Osmaniye D., Sağlık B. N., Khalilova N., Levent S., Bayazıt G., Gul U. D., Özkay Y.,  Kaplancıklı Z. A. 2023. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation Studies of Novel Naphthalene-Chalcone Hybrids As Antimicrobial, Anticandidal, Anticancer, and VEGFR-2 Inhibitors. ACS omega, 8(7), 6669-6678.
4. Hündürel Şahin B., Poyraz İ., Atmaca E. 2023. Genetic diversity analysis of different bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes grown in Türkiye. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 16(1), 23-30.
5. Kumas A., Ertekin S. G., Gurbanov R., Simsek Y. E., Kocak F. O.,  Degirmenci L. (2023). Effect of Micromonospora sp. KSC08 on nitrogen conservation throughout composting. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-16.
6. Unal D., Gurbanov R., Sevim G., Samgane G., Varış G., Ozdemir-Kocak F., Tuney-Kizilkaya I. 2023. Dose-dependent Plant-promoting Effect of Macroalgae Stypopodium Schimperi Extracts in Solanum lycopersicum and Detection of Phloroglucinol Composition. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 1-12.
7. Kaygusuz İzgördü Ö., Darcan C., Doğan Guzel F. 2023. Cloning, Expression, and Purification of Acinetobacter baumannii OccAB1 Porin Protein in Escherichia coli. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 1529-1542.
8. Ebrahimi A., Ergün T., Kaygusuz İzgördü Ö., Darcan C., Avci H., Öztürk B., Güner R. H., Ghorbanpoor H., Doğan Güzel F. 2023. Revealing the single-channel characteristics of OprD (OccAB1) porins from hospital strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. European Biophysics Journal, 1-13.
9. Türkyılmaz O., Darcan C. 2023. The Emergence and Preventability of Globally Spreading Antibiotic Resistance: A Literature Review. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 13(6), 578-589.
10. Santosa A. I., Randa-Zelyüt F., Karanfil A., Korkmaz S., Hartono S., Ertunç F. 2023. Phylogenetic and diversity analyses revealed that leek yellow stripe virus population consists of three types: S, L, and N. Virus Genes, 59(1), 121-131.
11. Randa-Zelyüt F., Fox A., Karanfil A. 2023. Population genetic dynamics of southern tomato virus from Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology, 105(1), 211-224.
12. Karanfil A., Randa-Zelyüt F., Korkmaz S. 2023. Population structure and genetic diversity of tobacco mild green mosaic virus variants in Western Anatolia of Turkey. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 125, 102008.
13. Zelyüt F. R. 2023. Genetic diversity and molecular variability of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’based on multilocus sequence typing analysis in tomato plantations of western Turkey. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 127, 102120.
14. Güller A., Mustafa U. S. T. A., & Randa-Zelyüt F. 2023. Genetic diversity and population structure of tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) variants from Antalya province, Turkey. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 51(3), 13356-13356.
15. Erdogan K., Eroglu O. 2022. The Extract of Momordica charantia Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Migration in U87G Cells. Biology Bulletin, 49(Suppl 1), S31-S38.
16. Guvenir Celik E., Eroglu O. 2023. Combined treatment with ruxolitinib and MK-2206 inhibits the JAK2/STAT5 and PI3K/AKT pathways via apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Molecular Biology Reports, 50(1), 319-329.

2022

1. Unal, D., Sevim, G., Varis, G., Tuney-Kizilkaya, I., Unal B. T., Ozturk M., & Hussain S. 2022. Ameliorative effect of Halopteris filicina extracts on growth parameters and genomic DNA template stability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under lead chloride stress. Crop and Pasture Science, 1-10.
2. Inal M. S., Unal D., Unal B. T., Ozturk M. 2022. Effect of Putrescine on Low-Temperature Acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Phyton, 91(3), 583.
3. Şenol Z. M., Gül Ü. D., Şimşek S. 2022. Bioremoval of Safranin O dye by the identified lichen species called Evernia prunastri biomass; biosorption optimization, isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 12(9), 4127-4137.
4. Iscen C. F., Gül Ü. D., Yavuz A. A., İlhan S. 2022. Decolorization of dye solution containing Remazol Black B by Aspergillus niger isolated from hypersaline environment. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1-8.
5. Congur G., Gül Ü. D. 2022. Electrochemical Detection of Phenol Removal by using A Biosorbent Originated Factory Solid Waste. Electroanalysis, 34(3), 455-463.
6. İzgördü Ö. K., Darcan C., Kariptaş E. 2022. Overview of VBNC, a survival strategy for microorganisms. 3 Biotech, 12(11), 307.
7. Santosa A.I., Randa-Zelyüt F., Karanfil A., Korkmaz S., Hartono S., Ertunç F. 2022. Phylogenetic and diversity analyses revealed that leek yellow stripe virus population consists of three types: S, L, and N. Virus Genes, 1-11.
8. Poyraz I. 2022. An investigation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of myclobutanil fungicide on plants. Plant Protection Science, 58, 57-64.
9. Sulus S., Leblebici S. 2022. Effect of Boric Acid Application on Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Gene Expression in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Cultivars. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 65, e22200702.
10. Eski A., Bayramoglu Z., Sonmez E., Biryol S., Demir I. 2022. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Entomopathogens for the Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 24(2), 393-405.

2021

1. Kaygusuz Ö., Çetin G., Türkyılmaz O., Darcan C., Ture S. 2021. The reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with piperidine, N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine and 2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethanol. Antimicrobial activities of iminodiethoxy-substituted cyclotriphosphazene derivatives. Phosphorus Sulfur And Silicon And The Related Elements, 196, 95-105.
2. Karaçam S., Tunçer S., 2021. Exploiting the Acidic Extracellular pH: Evaluation of Streptococcus salivarius M18 Postbiotics to Target Cancer Cells. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 14, 995-1011.
3. Mindivan F., Çolak A., 2021. Tribo-material based on a UHMWPE/RGOC biocomposite for using in artificial joints. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 138, e50768.
4. Doğan A., Gurbanov R., Severcan M., Severcan F. 2021. CoronaVac (Sinovac) COVID-19 vaccine-induced molecular changes in healthy human serum by infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. Turkish J Biol., 45, 549-558.
5. Şenol M.Z., Gül Ü.D., Gurbanov R., Şimşek S. 2021. Optimization the removal of lead ions by fungi: Explanation of the mycosorption mechanism, 9(2), 104760.
6. Gurbanov R., Tunçer S., 2021. The Use of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to Determine Potential Starch-based Prebiotics. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg., 24(1), 22-30.
7. Gurbanov R., Karadağ H., Karaçam S., Samgane G., 2021. Tapioca Starch Modulates Cellular Events in Oral Probiotic Streptococcus salivarius Strains. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 13, 195-207.
8. Çakır H.K., Eroglu O. 2021. In vitro anti-proliferative effect of capecitabine (Xeloda) combined with mocetinostat (MGCD0103) in 4T1 breast cancer cell line by immunoblotting. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 24, 1515-1522.
9. Hangul C., Celik E.G., Kaya H., Eroglu O., Uysal H., Karauzum S.B. 2021. Estradiol differentially regulates DUX4, β-catenin and PAX3/PAX7 in primary myoblasts of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy patients. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 46(4), 435-444.
10. Leblebici S., Sülüş S., Kılıçaslan G.Ç. 2021. Effect of Salt Stress (Potassium Chloride) on the Ecological and Physiological Characteristics of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 3, 441-448.
11. Unal D., Gül U. D., Silah H. 2021. Decolorization property of living Lichen Evernia prunastri on textile Acid Red P-2BX dye. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 18(11), 3469-3478.
12. Kabaoğlu U., Aslan U., Unal D. 2021. Effect of Gibberellin on Some Fatty Acid Profiles Under Nitrogen Starvation in Green Algae Chlorella vulgaris. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 8(1), 11-19.
13. Poidevin L., Forment J., Unal D., Ferrando, A. 2021. Transcriptome and translatome changes in germinated pollen under heat stress uncover roles of transporter genes involved in pollen tube growth. Plant, Cell & Environment, 44(7), 2167-2184.
14. Evren A. E., Dawbaa S., Nuha D., Yavuz Ş. A., Gül Ü. D., Yurttaş L. 2021. Design and synthesis of new 4-methylthiazole derivatives: In vitro and in silico studies of antimicrobial activity. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1241, 130692.
15. Gül Ü. D., İrdem E., Yavuz Ş. A., İlhan S. 2021. Determination of dye biosorption capacity of lichens and reusability of wastes as antimicrobial agents. The Journal of The Textile Institute, 112(6), 1014-1022.
16. Şenol Z. M., Gül Ü. D., Gurbanov R., Şimşek S. 2021. Optimization the removal of lead ions by fungi: Explanation of the mycosorption mechanism. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(2), 104760.
17. Congur G., Gül Ü. D. 2021. Phenol monitoring in water samples using an inexpensive electrochemical sensor based on pencil electrodes modified with DTAB surfactant. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(5), 105804.
18. Atabay A., Gül Ü. D. 2021. Investigation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of mushrooms in terms of health biotechnology. Acta Biologica Turcica, 34(1), 21-29.
19. Darcan C., Kaygusuz Ö., Leblebici S., Gülümser E., Acar Z. 2021. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Bituminaria sp. genotypes at different growth stages. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 59, 302-309.
20. Ozturk Y., Ebrahimi A., Norouz Dizaji A., Kaygusuz O., Bafna J. A., Winterhalter M., Dogan Guzel F. 2021. Rapid fabrication of teflon apertures by controlled high voltage pulses for formation of free standing planar lipid bilayer membrane. Biomedical Microdevices, 23(1), 1-9.
21. Kaur J., Ghorbanpoor H., Öztürk Y., Kaygusuz Ö., Avcı H., Darcan C., Güzel F. D. 2021. On‐chip label‐free impedance‐based detection of antibiotic permeation. IET nanobiotechnology, 15(1), 100-106.
22. Kaygusuz Ö., Darcan C. 2021. Alkali pH’da Escherichia coli’nin VBNC Forma Geçişinde CusS-CusR İki Bileşikli Sisteminin Rolünün Araştırılması. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 36-50.
23. Kılıçaslan G. Ç., Kaygusuz Ö., Önder İ., Darcan C. 2021. Investigation of the Role of cyaA/crp Genes of Escherichia coli in Metal Stress. Adıyaman University Journal of Science, 11(1), 1-22.

 2020

1. Gurbanov R., Kalkancı B. 2020. SLC6A4 (solute carrier family 6 member 4). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol, 24(1), 39-50.
2. Gül Ü. D., Yıldız Y. 2020. Yüzey Aktif Madde ile Modifiye Edilmiş Atık Yer Fıstığı Kabuğunun Tekstil Boyası Biyosorpsiyonu Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3), 533-539.
3. Gül Ü. D. 2020. A green approach for the treatment of dye and surfactant contaminated industrial wastewater. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 80, 615-620.
4. Bayazıt G., Ertit Taştan B., Gül Ü. D. 2020. Biosorption, isotherm and kinetic properties of common textile dye by Phormidium animale. Global Nest Journal, 22(1),1-7.
5. Gül Ü. D., Bayazit G. 2020. Evaluation of the potential of agricultural waste products for the treatment of textile dye contaminated water. Latin American Applied Research, 50(1), 7-11.
6. Gül Ü. D. 2020. Investigate the Antibacterial Activity of Lichen Biomass Used in Textile Dye Removal. Journal of Biology and Life Science, 11(2),117-125.
7. Gül U. D., Acikgoz C., Ozan K. 2020. Biodegradation of Evercion Blue P-GR and Ostazin Black H-GRN in synthetic textile wastewater by membrane bioreactor system using Trametes versicolor. Advances in environmental research, 9(2), 85-95.
8. Gül Ü. D., Açıkgoz Ç., Silah H. 2020. Usage of waste active sludge obtained from a membrane bioreactor system as a low-cost biosorbent for removal of Cu (II) ions. Internatıonal Journal Of Applıed Bıology And Envıronmental Scıence, 2(1), 4-8.
9. Gül Ü. D. 2020. Biyoteknolojik tekniklerle mikrobiyal vitamin üretimi. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 3(2), 227-240.
10. Tunçer S., Karaçam S. 2020. Cell-free supernatant of Streptococcus salivarius M18 impairs the pathogenic properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia. Archives of Microbiology, 202, 2825–2840.
11. Usaç G., Eroglu O., Zileli R. 2020. The Evaluation of RS1805086 and RS1805065 Polymorphisms in Mstn Gene and Anthropometric Properties of National and Amateur Arm Wrestlers. Int. J. Morphol, 38(4), 1148-1154.
12. Mindivan F., Göktaş M., Dike A.S. 2020. Mechanical, thermal, and micro- and nanostructural properties of polyvinyl chloride/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposite. Polymer Composites, 41, 3707-3716.
13. Çolak A., Göktaş M., Mindivan F., 2020. Effect of reduced graphene oxide amount on the tribological properties of UHMWPE biocomposites under water-lubricated conditions. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 375.
14. Mindivan F., Göktaş M. 2020. Production and characterization of graphene/PVC biocomposite from seashell wastes. Materialstoday: Proceedings, 27, 3119-3123.
15. Gurbanov R., 2020. Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunun Moleküler Yönleri: İmmün Sistem ve Mikrobiyom Üzerine Bulgular. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 29(1),8-23.
16. Tunçer S., Gurbanov R. 2020. A novel approach for the discrimination of culture medium from Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) overexpressing colorectal cancer cells. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 45(6), 715-724.
17. Ture S., Darcan C., Turkyilmaz O., Kaygusuz Ö. 2020. Synthesis, structural characterization and antimicrobial activities of cyclochlorotriphosphazene derivatives derived from N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine. Phosphorus Sulfur And Silicon And The Related Elements, 195, 507-515.
18. Sülüş S., Leblebici S. 2020. The Effect Of Borıc Acıd Applıcatıon On Ecophysıologıcal Characterıstıcs Of Safflower Varıetıes (Carthamus Tinctorius L.). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 29, 8177-8185.
19. Leblebici S. 2020. Bakır ve Çinko Uygulamasının Karabuğday (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)’ın Bazı Ekofizyolojik Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 19, 796-802.

2019

1. Kızılkaya İ.T., Unal D. 2019. Effects of Nitrate toxicity on free Proline accumulation, chlorophyll degradation and photosynthetic efficiency in the green alga Chlorella vulgaris. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 6 (1), 10-19.
2. Bayazıt G., Gül U.D., Unal D. 2019. Biosorption of Acid Red P-2BX by lichens as low-cost biosorbents. Internatıonal Journal Of Envıronmental Studıes, 76 (4), 608–615.
3. Poidevin L., Unal D., Belda-Palazón B., Ferrando A. 2019. Polyamines as quality control metabolites operating at the post-transcriptional level. Plants, 8, 1-13.
4. Unal D., Cekic O.F. 2019. Cold acclimation of SnRK2.2 kinases mutant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Phycological Research, 67, 202-207.
5. Özdemir-Koçak F., Değirmenci L. 2019. Utılızatıon of FMN07 and FGN37 mıcromonospora sp. ın regulatıng the nıtrogen loss durıng compostıng. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi C- Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji. 8(1), 23-31.
6. Özdemir-Koçak F., Eren B. 2019. Benzimidazol halkasının antimikrobiyal aktivitesine etki eden yapısal faktörlerin disk difüzyon ve mikrodilüsyon metodu ile ayrıntılı incelenmesi. BAUN Fen Bil. Enst. Dergisi, 21(1), 94-105.
7. Gurbanov R., Tuncer S., Mingu S., Severcan F., Gozen A.G. 2019. Methylation, sugar puckering and Z-form status of DNA from a heavy metal- acclimated freshwater Gordonia sp. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology, 198, 1-11.
8. Gurbanov R., Tuna M., Türe S. 2019. NMR and DSC studies on the reactions of pentanedioxy spiro-ansa cyclochlorotriphosphazene and pentanedioxy triple-bridged cylochlorotriphosphazene with monofunctional nucleophiles. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 23(6), 1177-1189.
9. Saricicek Y.E., Gurbanov R., Pekcan O., Gozen A.G. 2019. Comparison of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation eligibility using sporosarcina pasteurii and bacillus licheniformis on two different sands. Geomıcrobıology Journal, 36(1),42-52.
10. Yağcı T., Gurbanov R. 2019. The impact of the different habitats on skull variation in the fossorial subterranean rodents (Rodentia: Spalacidae) from Middle Anatolia. Ecological Research. 34, 802-812.
11. Şahin S. 2019. A simple and sensitive hydrogen peroxide detection with horseradish peroxidase immobilized on pyrene modified acid-treated single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Chem Technol Biotechnol.,1-7.
12. Şahin S. 2019. Electrochemical Characterization of Carbonized Typha Tassel Modified Screen- Printed Electrode and Its Enzymatic Glucose Oxidation Application. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 47(3), 287-294.
13. Şahin S. 2019. Glikoz/hava enzimatik yakıt hücresi kullanılarak tek çip üzerinde glikoz tayini. BŞEÜ Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 6 (2), 135-146.
14. Şimşek V., Şahin S. 2019. Characterization and catalytic performance evaluation of a novel heterogeneous mesoporous catalyst for methanol–acetic acid esterification. Journal of Porous Materials, 26, 1657–1665.
15. Gül Ü.D., Taştan B.E., Beyazıt G. 2019. Assessment of algal biomasses having different cell structures for biosorption properties of acid red P-2BX dye. South African Journal of Botany,127, 147-152.
16. Şenol Z.M., Gül Ü.D., Şimşek S. 2019. Assessment of Pb2+ removal capacity of lichen (Evernia prunastri): application of adsorption kinetic, isotherm models, and thermodynamics, 26:27002–27013.
17. Bayazıt G., Tastan B.E., Gül Ü.D. 2019. Biosorption, isotherm and kinetic properties of common textile dye by Phormidium animale. Global NEST Journal, 22(1), 1-7.

2018

1. Eren B., Yılmaz Ö., Çetin G. and Darcan C. 2018. Microwave assisted synthesis and potent antimicrobial activity of some novel 1,3-dialkyl-2-arylbenzimidazolium salts. Letters İn Drug Design and Discovery, 15, 621-633.
2. Darcan C., Kaygusuz Ö. ve Aydın E. 2018. Metallere ve pH stresine karşı Escherichia coli’de RpoS’nin rolünün araştırılması. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi (C- Yaşam Bilimleri ve Biyoteknoloji), 7 (2), 105-121.
3. Cekic F. O., Goren-Saglam N., Torun H., Yıgıt E., Unal D. 2018. Gamma-amıno butyrıc acıd metabolısm under hıgh temperature stress ın two lıchen specıes. Applıed Ecology and Envıronmental Research, 16(5), 5529-5538.
4. Gurbanov R., Unal D. 2018. The biomolecular alterations in cladonia convoluta in response to lead exposure. Spectroscopy Letters, 51(10), 563–570.
5. Yağcı T., Şen E., Gurbanov R. 2018. Using ISSR markers in determination of genetic relationship between 2n = 54 and 2n = 60 cytotypes of Nannospalax xanthodon (Nordmann, 1840) (Mammalia, Rodentia) from Central Anatolia. Russian J. Theriol., 17(2), 100-107.
6. Gül Ü.D., Yavuz A.Y.2018. Pestisitle Kirlenmiş Ortamların Biyoremediasyonu. Turkish Journal of Scientific Reviews, 11(1), 07-17.
7. Gül Ü.D., Nazilli 2018. Organik Katı Atıkların Aerobik Şartlarda Biyoteknolojik Yöntemlerle Kompostlaştırılması. Turkish Journal of Scientific Reviews, 11 (2): 47-50.

2017

1. Mindivan F., Mindivan H. and Darcan C. 2017. Electroless Ni–B coating of pure titanium surface for enhanced tribocorrosion performance in artificial saliva and antibacterial activity. Tribology in Industry, 39 (2), 270-276.
2. Leblebici S., Unal D., 2017. Response of Triticum aestivum to Boron Stress, Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 64(6), 869-875.
3. Özdemir-Koçak F., Gençbay T., Topkara A.R., Çil E., Işık K. 2017. API-ZYM and numerical analysis of 16S rRNA gene ıdendified micromonospora ısolates from the Black Sea region. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 10(2), 81-92.
4. Özdemir-Koçak F., Işık K., Sarıcaoğlu S., Saygın H., Inan-Bektas K., Cetin D., Guven K., Sahin N. Kribbella sindirgiensis sp. nov. isolated from soil. Arch Microbiol, 199, 1399- 1407.

2016

1. Leblebici S., Kaygusuz Ö., Korkmaz T. and Darcan C. 2016. The antimicrobial activities of the leaves of some endemic stachys species spreading in west anatolia Turkey. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg, 66 (6), 18-28.